Authentication

• Introduction
  • Starter Kits
  • Database Considerations
  • Ecosystem Overview
• Authentication Quickstart
  • Install A Starter Kit
  • Retrieving The Authenticated User
  • Protecting Routes
  • Login Throttling
• Manually Authenticating Users
  • Remembering Users
  • Other Authentication Methods
• HTTP Basic Authentication
  • Stateless HTTP Basic Authentication
• Logging Out
  • Invalidating Sessions On Other Devices
• Password Confirmation
  • Configuration
  • Routing
  • Protecting Routes
• Adding Custom Guards
  • Closure Request Guards
• Adding Custom User Providers
  • The User Provider Contract
  • The Authenticatable Contract
• Social Authentication
• Events

Introduction

Many web applications provide a way for their users to authenticate with the application and "login". Implementing this feature in web applications can be a complex and potentially risky endeavor. For this reason, Laravel strives to give you the tools you need to implement authentication quickly, securely, and easily.

At its core, Laravel's authentication facilities are made up of "guards" and "providers". Guards define how users are authenticated for each request. For example, Laravel ships with a session guard which maintains state using session storage and cookies.

Providers define how users are retrieved from your persistent storage. Laravel ships with support for retrieving users using Eloquent and the database query builder. However, you are free to define additional providers as needed for your application.

Your application's authentication configuration file is located at config/auth.php. This file contains several well-documented options for tweaking the behavior of Laravel's authentication services.

Starter Kits

Want to get started fast? Install a Laravel application starter kit in a fresh Laravel application. After migrating your database, navigate your browser to /register or any other URL that is assigned to your application. The starter kits will take care of scaffolding your entire authentication system!

Even if you choose not to use a starter kit in your final Laravel application, installing the Laravel Breeze starter kit can be a wonderful opportunity to learn how to implement all of Laravel's authentication functionality in an actual Laravel project. Since Laravel Breeze creates authentication controllers, routes, and views for you, you can examine the code within these files to learn how Laravel's authentication features may be implemented.

Database Considerations

By default, Laravel includes an App\Models\User Eloquent model in your app/Models directory. This model may be used with the default Eloquent authentication driver. If your application is not using Eloquent, you may use the database authentication provider which uses the Laravel query builder.

When building the database schema for the App\Models\User model, make sure the password column is at least 60 characters in length. Of course, the users table migration that is included in new Laravel applications already creates a column that exceeds this length.

Also, you should verify that your users (or equivalent) table contains a nullable, string remember_token column of 100 characters. This column will be used to store a token for users that select the "remember me" option when logging into your application. Again, the default users table migration that is included in new Laravel applications already contains this column.

Ecosystem Overview

Laravel offers several packages related to authentication. Before continuing, we'll review the general authentication ecosystem in Laravel and discuss each package's intended purpose.

First, consider how authentication works. When using a web browser, a user will provide their username and password via a login form. If these credentials are correct, the application will store information about the authenticated user in the user's session. A cookie issued to the browser contains the session ID so that subsequent requests to the application can associate the user with the correct session. After the session cookie is received, the application will retrieve the session data based on the session ID, note that the authentication information has been stored in the session, and will consider the user as "authenticated".

When a remote service needs to authenticate to access an API, cookies are not typically used for authentication because there is no web browser. Instead, the remote service sends an API token to the API on each request. The application may validate the incoming token against a table of valid API tokens and "authenticate" the request as being performed by the user associated with that API token.

Laravel's Built-in Browser Authentication Services

Laravel includes built-in authentication and session services which are typically accessed via the Auth and Session facades. These features provide cookie-based authentication for requests that are initiated from web browsers. They provide methods that allow you to verify a user's credentials and authenticate the user. In addition, these services will automatically store the proper authentication data in the user's session and issue the user's session cookie. A discussion of how to use these services is contained within this documentation.

Application Starter Kits

As discussed in this documentation, you can interact with these authentication services manually to build your application's own authentication layer. However, to help you get started more quickly, we have released free packages that provide robust, modern scaffolding of the entire authentication layer. These packages are Laravel Breeze, Laravel Jetstream, and Laravel Fortify.

Laravel Breeze is a simple, minimal implementation of all of Laravel's authentication features, including login, registration, password reset, email verification, and password confirmation. Laravel Breeze's view layer is comprised of simple Blade templates styled with Tailwind CSS. To get started, check out the documentation on Laravel's application starter kits.

Laravel Fortify is a headless authentication backend for Laravel that implements many of the features found in this documentation, including cookie-based authentication as well as other features such as two-factor authentication and email verification. Fortify provides the authentication backend for Laravel Jetstream or may be used independently in combination with Laravel Sanctum to provide authentication for an SPA that needs to authenticate with Laravel.

Laravel Jetstream is a robust application starter kit that consumes and exposes Laravel Fortify's authentication services with a beautiful, modern UI powered by Tailwind CSS, Livewire, and / or Inertia.js. Laravel Jetstream includes optional support for two-factor authentication, team support, browser session management, profile management, and built-in integration with Laravel Sanctum to offer API token authentication. Laravel's API authentication offerings are discussed below.

Laravel's API Authentication Services

Laravel provides two optional packages to assist you in managing API tokens and authenticating requests made with API tokens: Passport and Sanctum. Please note that these libraries and Laravel's built-in cookie based authentication libraries are not mutually exclusive. These libraries primarily focus on API token authentication while the built-in authentication services focus on cookie based browser authentication. Many applications will use both Laravel's built-in cookie based authentication services and one of Laravel's API authentication packages.

Passport

Passport is an OAuth2 authentication provider, offering a variety of OAuth2 "grant types" which allow you to issue various types of tokens. In general, this is a robust and complex package for API authentication. However, most applications do not require the complex features offered by the OAuth2 spec, which can be confusing for both users and developers. In addition, developers have been historically confused about how to authenticate SPA applications or mobile applications using OAuth2 authentication providers like Passport.

Sanctum

In response to the complexity of OAuth2 and developer confusion, we set out to build a simpler, more streamlined authentication package that could handle both first-party web requests from a web browser and API requests via tokens. This goal was realized with the release of Laravel Sanctum, which should be considered the preferred and recommended authentication package for applications that will be offering a first-party web UI in addition to an API, or will be powered by a single-page application (SPA) that exists separately from the backend Laravel application, or applications that offer a mobile client.

Laravel Sanctum is a hybrid web / API authentication package that can manage your application's entire authentication process. This is possible because when Sanctum based applications receive a request, Sanctum will first determine if the request includes a session cookie that references an authenticated session. Sanctum accomplishes this by calling Laravel's built-in authentication services which we discussed earlier. If the request is not being authenticated via a session cookie, Sanctum will inspect the request for an API token. If an API token is present, Sanctum will authenticate the request using that token. To learn more about this process, please consult Sanctum's "how it works" documentation.

Laravel Sanctum is the API package we have chosen to include with the Laravel Jetstream application starter kit because we believe it is the best fit for the majority of web application's authentication needs.

Summary & Choosing Your Stack

In summary, if your application will be accessed using a browser and you are building a monolithic Laravel application, your application will use Laravel's built-in authentication services.

Next, if your application offers an API that will be consumed by third parties, you will choose between Passport or Sanctum to provide API token authentication for your application. In general, Sanctum should be preferred when possible since it is a simple, complete solution for API authentication, SPA authentication, and mobile authentication, including support for "scopes" or "abilities".

If you are building a single-page application (SPA) that will be powered by a Laravel backend, you should use Laravel Sanctum. When using Sanctum, you will either need to manually implement your own backend authentication routes or utilize Laravel Fortify as a headless authentication backend service that provides routes and controllers for features such as registration, password reset, email verification, and more.

Passport may be chosen when your application absolutely needs all of the features provided by the OAuth2 specification.

And, if you would like to get started quickly, we are pleased to recommend Laravel Jetstream as a quick way to start a new Laravel application that already uses our preferred authentication stack of Laravel's built-in authentication services and Laravel Sanctum.

Authentication Quickstart

Install A Starter Kit

First, you should install a Laravel application starter kit. Our current starter kits, Laravel Breeze and Laravel Jetstream, offer beautifully designed starting points for incorporating authentication into your fresh Laravel application.

Laravel Breeze is a minimal, simple implementation of all of Laravel's authentication features, including login, registration, password reset, email verification, and password confirmation. Laravel Breeze's view layer is made up of simple Blade templates styled with Tailwind CSS. Breeze also offers an Inertia based scaffolding option using Vue or React.

Laravel Jetstream is a more robust application starter kit that includes support for scaffolding your application with Livewire or Inertia.js and Vue. In addition, Jetstream features optional support for two-factor authentication, teams, profile management, browser session management, API support via Laravel Sanctum, account deletion, and more.

Retrieving The Authenticated User

After installing an authentication starter kit and allowing users to register and authenticate with your application, you will often need to interact with the currently authenticated user. While handling an incoming request, you may access the authenticated user via the Auth facade's user method:

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3// Retrieve the currently authenticated user...
4$user = Auth::user();
5 
6// Retrieve the currently authenticated user's ID...
7$id = Auth::id();
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3// Retrieve the currently authenticated user...
4$user = Auth::user();
5 
6// Retrieve the currently authenticated user's ID...
7$id = Auth::id();

Alternatively, once a user is authenticated, you may access the authenticated user via an Illuminate\Http\Request instance. Remember, type-hinted classes will automatically be injected into your controller methods. By type-hinting the Illuminate\Http\Request object, you may gain convenient access to the authenticated user from any controller method in your application via the request's user method:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 6 
 7class FlightController extends Controller
 8{
 9    /**
10     * Update the flight information for an existing flight.
11     *
12     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
13     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
14     */
15    public function update(Request $request)
16    {
17        // $request->user()
18    }
19}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 6 
 7class FlightController extends Controller
 8{
 9    /**
10     * Update the flight information for an existing flight.
11     *
12     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
13     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
14     */
15    public function update(Request $request)
16    {
17        // $request->user()
18    }
19}

Determining If The Current User Is Authenticated

To determine if the user making the incoming HTTP request is authenticated, you may use the check method on the Auth facade. This method will return true if the user is authenticated:

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3if (Auth::check()) {
4    // The user is logged in...
5}
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3if (Auth::check()) {
4    // The user is logged in...
5}

Protecting Routes

Route middleware can be used to only allow authenticated users to access a given route. Laravel ships with an auth middleware, which references the Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\Authenticate class. Since this middleware is already registered in your application's HTTP kernel, all you need to do is attach the middleware to a route definition:

1Route::get('/flights', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth');
1Route::get('/flights', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth');

Redirecting Unauthenticated Users

When the auth middleware detects an unauthenticated user, it will redirect the user to the login named route. You may modify this behavior by updating the redirectTo function in your application's app/Http/Middleware/Authenticate.php file:

 1/**
 2 * Get the path the user should be redirected to.
 3 *
 4 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 5 * @return string
 6 */
 7protected function redirectTo($request)
 8{
 9    return route('login');
10}
 1/**
 2 * Get the path the user should be redirected to.
 3 *
 4 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 5 * @return string
 6 */
 7protected function redirectTo($request)
 8{
 9    return route('login');
10}

Specifying A Guard

When attaching the auth middleware to a route, you may also specify which "guard" should be used to authenticate the user. The guard specified should correspond to one of the keys in the guards array of your auth.php configuration file:

1Route::get('/flights', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth:admin');
1Route::get('/flights', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth:admin');

Login Throttling

If you are using the Laravel Breeze or Laravel Jetstream starter kits, rate limiting will automatically be applied to login attempts. By default, the user will not be able to login for one minute if they fail to provide the correct credentials after several attempts. The throttling is unique to the user's username / email address and their IP address.

Manually Authenticating Users

You are not required to use the authentication scaffolding included with Laravel's application starter kits. If you choose not to use this scaffolding, you will need to manage user authentication using the Laravel authentication classes directly. Don't worry, it's a cinch!

We will access Laravel's authentication services via the Auth facade, so we'll need to make sure to import the Auth facade at the top of the class. Next, let's check out the attempt method. The attempt method is normally used to handle authentication attempts from your application's "login" form. If authentication is successful, you should regenerate the user's session to prevent session fixation:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 6use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 7 
 8class LoginController extends Controller
 9{
10    /**
11     * Handle an authentication attempt.
12     *
13     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
14     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
15     */
16    public function authenticate(Request $request)
17    {
18        $credentials = $request->validate([
19            'email' => ['required', 'email'],
20            'password' => ['required'],
21        ]);
22 
23        if (Auth::attempt($credentials)) {
24            $request->session()->regenerate();
25 
26            return redirect()->intended('dashboard');
27        }
28 
29        return back()->withErrors([
30            'email' => 'The provided credentials do not match our records.',
31        ]);
32    }
33}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Controllers;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 6use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 7 
 8class LoginController extends Controller
 9{
10    /**
11     * Handle an authentication attempt.
12     *
13     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
14     * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
15     */
16    public function authenticate(Request $request)
17    {
18        $credentials = $request->validate([
19            'email' => ['required', 'email'],
20            'password' => ['required'],
21        ]);
22 
23        if (Auth::attempt($credentials)) {
24            $request->session()->regenerate();
25 
26            return redirect()->intended('dashboard');
27        }
28 
29        return back()->withErrors([
30            'email' => 'The provided credentials do not match our records.',
31        ]);
32    }
33}

The attempt method accepts an array of key / value pairs as its first argument. The values in the array will be used to find the user in your database table. So, in the example above, the user will be retrieved by the value of the email column. If the user is found, the hashed password stored in the database will be compared with the password value passed to the method via the array. You should not hash the incoming request's password value, since the framework will automatically hash the value before comparing it to the hashed password in the database. An authenticated session will be started for the user if the two hashed passwords match.

Remember, Laravel's authentication services will retrieve users from your database based on your authentication guard's "provider" configuration. In the default config/auth.php configuration file, the Eloquent user provider is specified and it is instructed to use the App\Models\User model when retrieving users. You may change these values within your configuration file based on the needs of your application.

The attempt method will return true if authentication was successful. Otherwise, false will be returned.

The intended method provided by Laravel's redirector will redirect the user to the URL they were attempting to access before being intercepted by the authentication middleware. A fallback URI may be given to this method in case the intended destination is not available.

Specifying Additional Conditions

If you wish, you may also add extra query conditions to the authentication query in addition to the user's email and password. To accomplish this, we may simply add the query conditions to the array passed to the attempt method. For example, we may verify that the user is marked as "active":

1if (Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password, 'active' => 1])) {
2    // Authentication was successful...
3}
1if (Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password, 'active' => 1])) {
2    // Authentication was successful...
3}

Accessing Specific Guard Instances

Via the Auth facade's guard method, you may specify which guard instance you would like to utilize when authenticating the user. This allows you to manage authentication for separate parts of your application using entirely separate authenticatable models or user tables.

The guard name passed to the guard method should correspond to one of the guards configured in your auth.php configuration file:

1if (Auth::guard('admin')->attempt($credentials)) {
2    // ...
3}
1if (Auth::guard('admin')->attempt($credentials)) {
2    // ...
3}

Remembering Users

Many web applications provide a "remember me" checkbox on their login form. If you would like to provide "remember me" functionality in your application, you may pass a boolean value as the second argument to the attempt method.

When this value is true, Laravel will keep the user authenticated indefinitely or until they manually logout. Your users table must include the string remember_token column, which will be used to store the "remember me" token. The users table migration included with new Laravel applications already includes this column:

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3if (Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password], $remember)) {
4    // The user is being remembered...
5}
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3if (Auth::attempt(['email' => $email, 'password' => $password], $remember)) {
4    // The user is being remembered...
5}

Other Authentication Methods

Authenticate A User Instance

If you need to set an existing user instance as the currently authenticated user, you may pass the user instance to the Auth facade's login method. The given user instance must be an implementation of the Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable contract. The App\Models\User model included with Laravel already implements this interface. This method of authentication is useful when you already have a valid user instance, such as directly after a user registers with your application:

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3Auth::login($user);
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3Auth::login($user);

You may pass a boolean value as the second argument to the login method. This value indicates if "remember me" functionality is desired for the authenticated session. Remember, this means that the session will be authenticated indefinitely or until the user manually logs out of the application:

1Auth::login($user, $remember = true);
1Auth::login($user, $remember = true);

If needed, you may specify an authentication guard before calling the login method:

1Auth::guard('admin')->login($user);
1Auth::guard('admin')->login($user);

Authenticate A User By ID

To authenticate a user using their database record's primary key, you may use the loginUsingId method. This method accepts the primary key of the user you wish to authenticate:

1Auth::loginUsingId(1);
1Auth::loginUsingId(1);

You may pass a boolean value as the second argument to the loginUsingId method. This value indicates if "remember me" functionality is desired for the authenticated session. Remember, this means that the session will be authenticated indefinitely or until the user manually logs out of the application:

1Auth::loginUsingId(1, $remember = true);
1Auth::loginUsingId(1, $remember = true);

Authenticate A User Once

You may use the once method to authenticate a user with the application for a single request. No sessions or cookies will be utilized when calling this method:

1if (Auth::once($credentials)) {
2    //
3}
1if (Auth::once($credentials)) {
2    //
3}

HTTP Basic Authentication

HTTP Basic Authentication provides a quick way to authenticate users of your application without setting up a dedicated "login" page. To get started, attach the auth.basic middleware to a route. The auth.basic middleware is included with the Laravel framework, so you do not need to define it:

1Route::get('/profile', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth.basic');
1Route::get('/profile', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth.basic');

Once the middleware has been attached to the route, you will automatically be prompted for credentials when accessing the route in your browser. By default, the auth.basic middleware will assume the email column on your users database table is the user's "username".

A Note On FastCGI

If you are using PHP FastCGI and Apache to serve your Laravel application, HTTP Basic authentication may not work correctly. To correct these problems, the following lines may be added to your application's .htaccess file:

1RewriteCond %{HTTP:Authorization} ^(.+)$
2RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]
1RewriteCond %{HTTP:Authorization} ^(.+)$
2RewriteRule .* - [E=HTTP_AUTHORIZATION:%{HTTP:Authorization}]

Stateless HTTP Basic Authentication

You may also use HTTP Basic Authentication without setting a user identifier cookie in the session. This is primarily helpful if you choose to use HTTP Authentication to authenticate requests to your application's API. To accomplish this, define a middleware that calls the onceBasic method. If no response is returned by the onceBasic method, the request may be passed further into the application:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Middleware;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 6 
 7class AuthenticateOnceWithBasicAuth
 8{
 9    /**
10     * Handle an incoming request.
11     *
12     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
13     * @param  \Closure  $next
14     * @return mixed
15     */
16    public function handle($request, $next)
17    {
18        return Auth::onceBasic() ?: $next($request);
19    }
20 
21}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Http\Middleware;
 4 
 5use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 6 
 7class AuthenticateOnceWithBasicAuth
 8{
 9    /**
10     * Handle an incoming request.
11     *
12     * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
13     * @param  \Closure  $next
14     * @return mixed
15     */
16    public function handle($request, $next)
17    {
18        return Auth::onceBasic() ?: $next($request);
19    }
20 
21}

Next, register the route middleware and attach it to a route:

1Route::get('/api/user', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth.basic.once');
1Route::get('/api/user', function () {
2    // Only authenticated users may access this route...
3})->middleware('auth.basic.once');

Logging Out

To manually log users out of your application, you may use the logout method provided by the Auth facade. This will remove the authentication information from the user's session so that subsequent requests are not authenticated.

In addition to calling the logout method, it is recommended that you invalidate the user's session and regenerate their CSRF token. After logging the user out, you would typically redirect the user to the root of your application:

 1use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 3 
 4/**
 5 * Log the user out of the application.
 6 *
 7 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 8 * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
 9 */
10public function logout(Request $request)
11{
12    Auth::logout();
13 
14    $request->session()->invalidate();
15 
16    $request->session()->regenerateToken();
17 
18    return redirect('/');
19}
 1use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 3 
 4/**
 5 * Log the user out of the application.
 6 *
 7 * @param  \Illuminate\Http\Request  $request
 8 * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
 9 */
10public function logout(Request $request)
11{
12    Auth::logout();
13 
14    $request->session()->invalidate();
15 
16    $request->session()->regenerateToken();
17 
18    return redirect('/');
19}

Invalidating Sessions On Other Devices

Laravel also provides a mechanism for invalidating and "logging out" a user's sessions that are active on other devices without invalidating the session on their current device. This feature is typically utilized when a user is changing or updating their password and you would like to invalidate sessions on other devices while keeping the current device authenticated.

Before getting started, you should make sure that the Illuminate\Session\Middleware\AuthenticateSession middleware is present and un-commented in your App\Http\Kernel class' web middleware group:

1'web' => [
2    // ...
3    \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\AuthenticateSession::class,
4    // ...
5],
1'web' => [
2    // ...
3    \Illuminate\Session\Middleware\AuthenticateSession::class,
4    // ...
5],

Then, you may use the logoutOtherDevices method provided by the Auth facade. This method requires the user to confirm their current password, which your application should accept through an input form:

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3Auth::logoutOtherDevices($currentPassword);
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
2 
3Auth::logoutOtherDevices($currentPassword);

When the logoutOtherDevices method is invoked, the user's other sessions will be invalidated entirely, meaning they will be "logged out" of all guards they were previously authenticated by.

Password Confirmation

While building your application, you may occasionally have actions that should require the user to confirm their password before the action is performed or before the user is redirected to a sensitive area of the application. Laravel includes built-in middleware to make this process a breeze. Implementing this feature will require you to define two routes: one route to display a view asking the user to confirm their password and another route to confirm that the password is valid and redirect the user to their intended destination.

Configuration

After confirming their password, a user will not be asked to confirm their password again for three hours. However, you may configure the length of time before the user is re-prompted for their password by changing the value of the password_timeout configuration value within your application's config/auth.php configuration file.

Routing

The Password Confirmation Form

First, we will define a route to display a view that requests the user to confirm their password:

1Route::get('/confirm-password', function () {
2    return view('auth.confirm-password');
3})->middleware('auth')->name('password.confirm');
1Route::get('/confirm-password', function () {
2    return view('auth.confirm-password');
3})->middleware('auth')->name('password.confirm');

As you might expect, the view that is returned by this route should have a form containing a password field. In addition, feel free to include text within the view that explains that the user is entering a protected area of the application and must confirm their password.

Confirming The Password

Next, we will define a route that will handle the form request from the "confirm password" view. This route will be responsible for validating the password and redirecting the user to their intended destination:

 1use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
 3use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redirect;
 4 
 5Route::post('/confirm-password', function (Request $request) {
 6    if (! Hash::check($request->password, $request->user()->password)) {
 7        return back()->withErrors([
 8            'password' => ['The provided password does not match our records.']
 9        ]);
10    }
11 
12    $request->session()->passwordConfirmed();
13 
14    return redirect()->intended();
15})->middleware(['auth', 'throttle:6,1']);
 1use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash;
 3use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redirect;
 4 
 5Route::post('/confirm-password', function (Request $request) {
 6    if (! Hash::check($request->password, $request->user()->password)) {
 7        return back()->withErrors([
 8            'password' => ['The provided password does not match our records.']
 9        ]);
10    }
11 
12    $request->session()->passwordConfirmed();
13 
14    return redirect()->intended();
15})->middleware(['auth', 'throttle:6,1']);

Before moving on, let's examine this route in more detail. First, the request's password field is determined to actually match the authenticated user's password. If the password is valid, we need to inform Laravel's session that the user has confirmed their password. The passwordConfirmed method will set a timestamp in the user's session that Laravel can use to determine when the user last confirmed their password. Finally, we can redirect the user to their intended destination.

Protecting Routes

You should ensure that any route that performs an action which requires recent password confirmation is assigned the password.confirm middleware. This middleware is included with the default installation of Laravel and will automatically store the user's intended destination in the session so that the user may be redirected to that location after confirming their password. After storing the user's intended destination in the session, the middleware will redirect the user to the password.confirm named route:

1Route::get('/settings', function () {
2    // ...
3})->middleware(['password.confirm']);
4 
5Route::post('/settings', function () {
6    // ...
7})->middleware(['password.confirm']);
1Route::get('/settings', function () {
2    // ...
3})->middleware(['password.confirm']);
4 
5Route::post('/settings', function () {
6    // ...
7})->middleware(['password.confirm']);

Adding Custom Guards

You may define your own authentication guards using the extend method on the Auth facade. You should place your call to the extend method within a service provider. Since Laravel already ships with an AuthServiceProvider, we can place the code in that provider:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Providers;
 4 
 5use App\Services\Auth\JwtGuard;
 6use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;
 7use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 8 
 9class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
10{
11    /**
12     * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
13     *
14     * @return void
15     */
16    public function boot()
17    {
18        $this->registerPolicies();
19 
20        Auth::extend('jwt', function ($app, $name, array $config) {
21            // Return an instance of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Guard...
22 
23            return new JwtGuard(Auth::createUserProvider($config['provider']));
24        });
25    }
26}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Providers;
 4 
 5use App\Services\Auth\JwtGuard;
 6use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;
 7use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 8 
 9class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
10{
11    /**
12     * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
13     *
14     * @return void
15     */
16    public function boot()
17    {
18        $this->registerPolicies();
19 
20        Auth::extend('jwt', function ($app, $name, array $config) {
21            // Return an instance of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Guard...
22 
23            return new JwtGuard(Auth::createUserProvider($config['provider']));
24        });
25    }
26}

As you can see in the example above, the callback passed to the extend method should return an implementation of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Guard. This interface contains a few methods you will need to implement to define a custom guard. Once your custom guard has been defined, you may reference the guard in the guards configuration of your auth.php configuration file:

1'guards' => [
2    'api' => [
3        'driver' => 'jwt',
4        'provider' => 'users',
5    ],
6],
1'guards' => [
2    'api' => [
3        'driver' => 'jwt',
4        'provider' => 'users',
5    ],
6],

Closure Request Guards

The simplest way to implement a custom, HTTP request based authentication system is by using the Auth::viaRequest method. This method allows you to quickly define your authentication process using a single closure.

To get started, call the Auth::viaRequest method within the boot method of your AuthServiceProvider. The viaRequest method accepts an authentication driver name as its first argument. This name can be any string that describes your custom guard. The second argument passed to the method should be a closure that receives the incoming HTTP request and returns a user instance or, if authentication fails, null:

 1use App\Models\User;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 3use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 4 
 5/**
 6 * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
 7 *
 8 * @return void
 9 */
10public function boot()
11{
12    $this->registerPolicies();
13 
14    Auth::viaRequest('custom-token', function (Request $request) {
15        return User::where('token', $request->token)->first();
16    });
17}
 1use App\Models\User;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Request;
 3use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 4 
 5/**
 6 * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
 7 *
 8 * @return void
 9 */
10public function boot()
11{
12    $this->registerPolicies();
13 
14    Auth::viaRequest('custom-token', function (Request $request) {
15        return User::where('token', $request->token)->first();
16    });
17}

Once your custom authentication driver has been defined, you may configure it as a driver within the guards configuration of your auth.php configuration file:

1'guards' => [
2    'api' => [
3        'driver' => 'custom-token',
4    ],
5],
1'guards' => [
2    'api' => [
3        'driver' => 'custom-token',
4    ],
5],

Adding Custom User Providers

If you are not using a traditional relational database to store your users, you will need to extend Laravel with your own authentication user provider. We will use the provider method on the Auth facade to define a custom user provider. The user provider resolver should return an implementation of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Providers;
 4 
 5use App\Extensions\MongoUserProvider;
 6use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;
 7use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 8 
 9class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
10{
11    /**
12     * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
13     *
14     * @return void
15     */
16    public function boot()
17    {
18        $this->registerPolicies();
19 
20        Auth::provider('mongo', function ($app, array $config) {
21            // Return an instance of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider...
22 
23            return new MongoUserProvider($app->make('mongo.connection'));
24        });
25    }
26}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace App\Providers;
 4 
 5use App\Extensions\MongoUserProvider;
 6use Illuminate\Foundation\Support\Providers\AuthServiceProvider as ServiceProvider;
 7use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth;
 8 
 9class AuthServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider
10{
11    /**
12     * Register any application authentication / authorization services.
13     *
14     * @return void
15     */
16    public function boot()
17    {
18        $this->registerPolicies();
19 
20        Auth::provider('mongo', function ($app, array $config) {
21            // Return an instance of Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider...
22 
23            return new MongoUserProvider($app->make('mongo.connection'));
24        });
25    }
26}

After you have registered the provider using the provider method, you may switch to the new user provider in your auth.php configuration file. First, define a provider that uses your new driver:

1'providers' => [
2    'users' => [
3        'driver' => 'mongo',
4    ],
5],
1'providers' => [
2    'users' => [
3        'driver' => 'mongo',
4    ],
5],

Finally, you may reference this provider in your guards configuration:

1'guards' => [
2    'web' => [
3        'driver' => 'session',
4        'provider' => 'users',
5    ],
6],
1'guards' => [
2    'web' => [
3        'driver' => 'session',
4        'provider' => 'users',
5    ],
6],

The User Provider Contract

Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider implementations are responsible for fetching an Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Authenticatable implementation out of a persistent storage system, such as MySQL, MongoDB, etc. These two interfaces allow the Laravel authentication mechanisms to continue functioning regardless of how the user data is stored or what type of class is used to represent the authenticated user:

Let's take a look at the Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\UserProvider contract:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace Illuminate\Contracts\Auth;
 4 
 5interface UserProvider
 6{
 7    public function retrieveById($identifier);
 8    public function retrieveByToken($identifier, $token);
 9    public function updateRememberToken(Authenticatable $user, $token);
10    public function retrieveByCredentials(array $credentials);
11    public function validateCredentials(Authenticatable $user, array $credentials);
12}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace Illuminate\Contracts\Auth;
 4 
 5interface UserProvider
 6{
 7    public function retrieveById($identifier);
 8    public function retrieveByToken($identifier, $token);
 9    public function updateRememberToken(Authenticatable $user, $token);
10    public function retrieveByCredentials(array $credentials);
11    public function validateCredentials(Authenticatable $user, array $credentials);
12}

The retrieveById function typically receives a key representing the user, such as an auto-incrementing ID from a MySQL database. The Authenticatable implementation matching the ID should be retrieved and returned by the method.

The retrieveByToken function retrieves a user by their unique $identifier and "remember me" $token, typically stored in a database column like remember_token. As with the previous method, the Authenticatable implementation with a matching token value should be returned by this method.

The updateRememberToken method updates the $user instance's remember_token with the new $token. A fresh token is assigned to users on a successful "remember me" authentication attempt or when the user is logging out.

The retrieveByCredentials method receives the array of credentials passed to the Auth::attempt method when attempting to authenticate with an application. The method should then "query" the underlying persistent storage for the user matching those credentials. Typically, this method will run a query with a "where" condition that searches for a user record with a "username" matching the value of $credentials['username']. The method should return an implementation of Authenticatable. This method should not attempt to do any password validation or authentication.

The validateCredentials method should compare the given $user with the $credentials to authenticate the user. For example, this method will typically use the Hash::check method to compare the value of $user->getAuthPassword() to the value of $credentials['password']. This method should return true or false indicating whether the password is valid.

The Authenticatable Contract

Now that we have explored each of the methods on the UserProvider, let's take a look at the Authenticatable contract. Remember, user providers should return implementations of this interface from the retrieveById, retrieveByToken, and retrieveByCredentials methods:

 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace Illuminate\Contracts\Auth;
 4 
 5interface Authenticatable
 6{
 7    public function getAuthIdentifierName();
 8    public function getAuthIdentifier();
 9    public function getAuthPassword();
10    public function getRememberToken();
11    public function setRememberToken($value);
12    public function getRememberTokenName();
13}
 1<?php
 2 
 3namespace Illuminate\Contracts\Auth;
 4 
 5interface Authenticatable
 6{
 7    public function getAuthIdentifierName();
 8    public function getAuthIdentifier();
 9    public function getAuthPassword();
10    public function getRememberToken();
11    public function setRememberToken($value);
12    public function getRememberTokenName();
13}

This interface is simple. The getAuthIdentifierName method should return the name of the "primary key" field of the user and the getAuthIdentifier method should return the "primary key" of the user. When using a MySQL back-end, this would likely be the auto-incrementing primary key assigned to the user record. The getAuthPassword method should return the user's hashed password.

This interface allows the authentication system to work with any "user" class, regardless of what ORM or storage abstraction layer you are using. By default, Laravel includes a App\Models\User class in the app/Models directory which implements this interface.

Events

Laravel dispatches a variety of events during the authentication process. You may attach listeners to these events in your EventServiceProvider:

 1/**
 2 * The event listener mappings for the application.
 3 *
 4 * @var array
 5 */
 6protected $listen = [
 7    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Registered' => [
 8        'App\Listeners\LogRegisteredUser',
 9    ],
10 
11    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Attempting' => [
12        'App\Listeners\LogAuthenticationAttempt',
13    ],
14 
15    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Authenticated' => [
16        'App\Listeners\LogAuthenticated',
17    ],
18 
19    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Login' => [
20        'App\Listeners\LogSuccessfulLogin',
21    ],
22 
23    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Failed' => [
24        'App\Listeners\LogFailedLogin',
25    ],
26 
27    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Validated' => [
28        'App\Listeners\LogValidated',
29    ],
30 
31    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Verified' => [
32        'App\Listeners\LogVerified',
33    ],
34 
35    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Logout' => [
36        'App\Listeners\LogSuccessfulLogout',
37    ],
38 
39    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\CurrentDeviceLogout' => [
40        'App\Listeners\LogCurrentDeviceLogout',
41    ],
42 
43    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\OtherDeviceLogout' => [
44        'App\Listeners\LogOtherDeviceLogout',
45    ],
46 
47    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Lockout' => [
48        'App\Listeners\LogLockout',
49    ],
50 
51    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\PasswordReset' => [
52        'App\Listeners\LogPasswordReset',
53    ],
54];
 1/**
 2 * The event listener mappings for the application.
 3 *
 4 * @var array
 5 */
 6protected $listen = [
 7    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Registered' => [
 8        'App\Listeners\LogRegisteredUser',
 9    ],
10 
11    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Attempting' => [
12        'App\Listeners\LogAuthenticationAttempt',
13    ],
14 
15    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Authenticated' => [
16        'App\Listeners\LogAuthenticated',
17    ],
18 
19    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Login' => [
20        'App\Listeners\LogSuccessfulLogin',
21    ],
22 
23    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Failed' => [
24        'App\Listeners\LogFailedLogin',
25    ],
26 
27    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Validated' => [
28        'App\Listeners\LogValidated',
29    ],
30 
31    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Verified' => [
32        'App\Listeners\LogVerified',
33    ],
34 
35    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Logout' => [
36        'App\Listeners\LogSuccessfulLogout',
37    ],
38 
39    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\CurrentDeviceLogout' => [
40        'App\Listeners\LogCurrentDeviceLogout',
41    ],
42 
43    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\OtherDeviceLogout' => [
44        'App\Listeners\LogOtherDeviceLogout',
45    ],
46 
47    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\Lockout' => [
48        'App\Listeners\LogLockout',
49    ],
50 
51    'Illuminate\Auth\Events\PasswordReset' => [
52        'App\Listeners\LogPasswordReset',
53    ],
54];