HTTP 用戶端

• 簡介

• 建立 Request

  • Request 資料
  • 標頭 (Header)
  • 身份認證
  • 逾時
  • 重試
  • 錯誤處理
  • Guzzle Middleware
  • Guzzle 選項

• 同時進行的 Request

• Macro

• 測試

  • 模擬 Response
  • 攔截 Request
  • 避免漏掉的 Request

• 事件

簡介

Laravel 為 Guzzle HTTP 用戶端提供了一個語意化的極簡 API，能讓我們快速建立外連 HTTP Request 來與其他 Web App 通訊。Laravel 的 Guzzle 包裝著重於各個常見的使用情境，並提供優秀的開發人員經驗(Developer Experience)。

在開始前，先確保有將 Guzzle 套件安裝為專案的相依性套件。預設情況下，Laravel 已自動包含了這個相依性套件，但若你之前有將其移除，請使用 Composer 再安裝一次：

1composer require guzzlehttp/guzzle
1composer require guzzlehttp/guzzle

建立 Request

若要建立 Request，可以使用 Http Facade 提供的 head、get、post、put、patch、delete 等方法。首先，我們先看看要查詢另一個 URL 的基礎 GET Request 怎麼建立：

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3$response = Http::get('http://example.com');
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3$response = Http::get('http://example.com');

get 方法會回傳 Illuminate\Http\Client\Response 的實體，該實體提供了許多用來取得 Response 資訊的方法：

 1$response->body() : string;
 2$response->json($key = null, $default = null) : array|mixed;
 3$response->object() : object;
 4$response->collect($key = null) : Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 5$response->status() : int;
 6$response->successful() : bool;
 7$response->redirect(): bool;
 8$response->failed() : bool;
 9$response->clientError() : bool;
10$response->header($header) : string;
11$response->headers() : array;
 1$response->body() : string;
 2$response->json($key = null, $default = null) : array|mixed;
 3$response->object() : object;
 4$response->collect($key = null) : Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 5$response->status() : int;
 6$response->successful() : bool;
 7$response->redirect(): bool;
 8$response->failed() : bool;
 9$response->clientError() : bool;
10$response->header($header) : string;
11$response->headers() : array;

Illuminate\Http\Client\Response 物件也實作了 PHP 的 ArrayAccess 實體，能讓我們直接在 Response 上存取 JSON Response 資料：

1return Http::get('http://example.com/users/1')['name'];
1return Http::get('http://example.com/users/1')['name'];

除了上述所列的 Response 方法外，也可以使用下列方法來判斷 Response 是否有給定的狀態碼：

 1$response->ok() : bool;                  // 200 OK
 2$response->created() : bool;             // 201 Created
 3$response->accepted() : bool;            // 202 Accepted
 4$response->noContent() : bool;           // 204 No Content
 5$response->movedPermanently() : bool;    // 301 Moved Permanently
 6$response->found() : bool;               // 302 Found
 7$response->badRequest() : bool;          // 400 Bad Request
 8$response->unauthorized() : bool;        // 401 Unauthorized
 9$response->paymentRequired() : bool;     // 402 Payment Required
10$response->forbidden() : bool;           // 403 Forbidden
11$response->notFound() : bool;            // 404 Not Found
12$response->requestTimeout() : bool;      // 408 Request Timeout
13$response->conflict() : bool;            // 409 Conflict
14$response->unprocessableEntity() : bool; // 422 Unprocessable Entity
15$response->tooManyRequests() : bool;     // 429 Too Many Requests
16$response->serverError() : bool;         // 500 Internal Server Error
 1$response->ok() : bool;                  // 200 OK
 2$response->created() : bool;             // 201 Created
 3$response->accepted() : bool;            // 202 Accepted
 4$response->noContent() : bool;           // 204 No Content
 5$response->movedPermanently() : bool;    // 301 Moved Permanently
 6$response->found() : bool;               // 302 Found
 7$response->badRequest() : bool;          // 400 Bad Request
 8$response->unauthorized() : bool;        // 401 Unauthorized
 9$response->paymentRequired() : bool;     // 402 Payment Required
10$response->forbidden() : bool;           // 403 Forbidden
11$response->notFound() : bool;            // 404 Not Found
12$response->requestTimeout() : bool;      // 408 Request Timeout
13$response->conflict() : bool;            // 409 Conflict
14$response->unprocessableEntity() : bool; // 422 Unprocessable Entity
15$response->tooManyRequests() : bool;     // 429 Too Many Requests
16$response->serverError() : bool;         // 500 Internal Server Error

URI 樣板

在 HTTP Client 中，也可使用 URI 樣板規格 (URI Template Specification)來建立 Request URL。若要定義可由 URI 樣板展開的 URL 參數，請使用 withUrlParameters 方法：

1Http::withUrlParameters([
2    'endpoint' => 'https://laravel.com',
3    'page' => 'docs',
4    'version' => '9.x',
5    'topic' => 'validation',
6])->get('{+endpoint}/{page}/{version}/{topic}');
1Http::withUrlParameters([
2    'endpoint' => 'https://laravel.com',
3    'page' => 'docs',
4    'version' => '9.x',
5    'topic' => 'validation',
6])->get('{+endpoint}/{page}/{version}/{topic}');

傾印 Request

若想在送出 Request 前傾印連外 Request 並終止指令碼執行，可在 Request 定義的最前方加上 dd 方法：

1return Http::dd()->get('http://example.com');
1return Http::dd()->get('http://example.com');

Request 資料

當然，我們也很常使用 POST、PUT、PATCH 等 Request 來在 Request 上傳送額外資料，所以這些方法接受資料陣列作為第二個引數。預設情況下，資料會使用 application/json Content Type(內容型別) 來傳送：

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3$response = Http::post('http://example.com/users', [
4    'name' => 'Steve',
5    'role' => 'Network Administrator',
6]);
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3$response = Http::post('http://example.com/users', [
4    'name' => 'Steve',
5    'role' => 'Network Administrator',
6]);

GET Request 查詢參數

在產生 GET Request 時，可以直接將查詢字串(Query String)加到 URL 上，或是傳入一組索引鍵 / 值配對的陣列作為 get 方法的第二個引數：

1$response = Http::get('http://example.com/users', [
2    'name' => 'Taylor',
3    'page' => 1,
4]);
1$response = Http::get('http://example.com/users', [
2    'name' => 'Taylor',
3    'page' => 1,
4]);

或者，可使用 withQueryParameters 方法：

1Http::retry(3, 100)->withQueryParameters([
2    'name' => 'Taylor',
3    'page' => 1,
4])->get('http://example.com/users')
1Http::retry(3, 100)->withQueryParameters([
2    'name' => 'Taylor',
3    'page' => 1,
4])->get('http://example.com/users')

傳送 Form URL Encoded 的 Request

若想使用 application/x-www-form-urlencoded Content Type 來傳送資料的話，請在建立 Request 前呼叫 asForm 方法：

1$response = Http::asForm()->post('http://example.com/users', [
2    'name' => 'Sara',
3    'role' => 'Privacy Consultant',
4]);
1$response = Http::asForm()->post('http://example.com/users', [
2    'name' => 'Sara',
3    'role' => 'Privacy Consultant',
4]);

Sending a Raw Request Body

在建立 Request 時，若想提供原始 Request 內文(Raw Request Body)，可使用 withBody 方法。可以在該方法的第二個引數上提供 Content Type：

1$response = Http::withBody(
2    base64_encode($photo), 'image/jpeg'
3)->post('http://example.com/photo');
1$response = Http::withBody(
2    base64_encode($photo), 'image/jpeg'
3)->post('http://example.com/photo');

Multi-Part 的 Request

If you would like to send files as multi-part requests, you should call the attach method before making your request. This method accepts the name of the file and its contents. If needed, you may provide a third argument which will be considered the file's filename, while a fourth argument may be used to provide headers associated with the file:

1$response = Http::attach(
2    'attachment', file_get_contents('photo.jpg'), 'photo.jpg', ['Content-Type' => 'image/jpeg']
3)->post('http://example.com/attachments');
1$response = Http::attach(
2    'attachment', file_get_contents('photo.jpg'), 'photo.jpg', ['Content-Type' => 'image/jpeg']
3)->post('http://example.com/attachments');

除了直接傳入檔案的原始內容外，也可以傳入一個 Stream Resource(串流資源)：

1$photo = fopen('photo.jpg', 'r');
2 
3$response = Http::attach(
4    'attachment', $photo, 'photo.jpg'
5)->post('http://example.com/attachments');
1$photo = fopen('photo.jpg', 'r');
2 
3$response = Http::attach(
4    'attachment', $photo, 'photo.jpg'
5)->post('http://example.com/attachments');

標頭

可以使用 withHeaders 方法來將標頭(Header)加到 Request 上。withHeaders 方法接受一組索引鍵 / 值配對的陣列：

1$response = Http::withHeaders([
2    'X-First' => 'foo',
3    'X-Second' => 'bar'
4])->post('http://example.com/users', [
5    'name' => 'Taylor',
6]);
1$response = Http::withHeaders([
2    'X-First' => 'foo',
3    'X-Second' => 'bar'
4])->post('http://example.com/users', [
5    'name' => 'Taylor',
6]);

可以使用 accept 方法來指定你的程式預期所預期 Response 的 Content Type：

1$response = Http::accept('application/json')->get('http://example.com/users');
1$response = Http::accept('application/json')->get('http://example.com/users');

為了方便起見，可以使用 acceptJson 方法來快速指定要預期 Response 的 Content Type 是 application/json：

1$response = Http::acceptJson()->get('http://example.com/users');
1$response = Http::acceptJson()->get('http://example.com/users');

withHeaders 方法會將新的 Header 合併到該 Request 中已存在的 Header。若有需要，可使用 replaceHeaders 方法來講整個 Header 取代掉：

1$response = Http::withHeaders([
2    'X-Original' => 'foo',
3])->replaceHeaders([
4    'X-Replacement' => 'bar',
5])->post('http://example.com/users', [
6    'name' => 'Taylor',
7]);
1$response = Http::withHeaders([
2    'X-Original' => 'foo',
3])->replaceHeaders([
4    'X-Replacement' => 'bar',
5])->post('http://example.com/users', [
6    'name' => 'Taylor',
7]);

身分驗證

可以使用 withBasicAuth 方法來指定使用 Basic 身分驗證的認證(Credential)，或是使用 withDigestAuth 方法來指定 Digest 身分驗證的認證：

1// Basic authentication...
2$response = Http::withBasicAuth('[email protected]', 'secret')->post(/* ... */);
3 
4// Digest authentication...
5$response = Http::withDigestAuth('[email protected]', 'secret')->post(/* ... */);
1// Basic authentication...
2$response = Http::withBasicAuth('[email protected]', 'secret')->post(/* ... */);
3 
4// Digest authentication...
5$response = Http::withDigestAuth('[email protected]', 'secret')->post(/* ... */);

Bearer 權杖

若想快速在 Request 的 Authorization 標頭中加上 Bearer 權杖(Token)，可使用 withToken 方法：

1$response = Http::withToken('token')->post(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::withToken('token')->post(/* ... */);

逾時

timeout 方法可用來指定該 Response 最長應等待多久。預設情況下，HTTP Client 會在 30 秒後逾時：

1$response = Http::timeout(3)->get(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::timeout(3)->get(/* ... */);

If the given timeout is exceeded, an instance of Illuminate\Http\Client\ConnectionException will be thrown.

可以使用 connectTimeout 方法來指定嘗試連線到伺服器時要等待的最大秒數：

1$response = Http::connectTimeout(3)->get(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::connectTimeout(3)->get(/* ... */);

重試

若想讓 HTTP 用戶端在發生用戶端錯誤或伺服器端錯誤時自動重試，可以使用 retry 方法。retry 方法接受該 Request 要重試的最大次數，以及每次重試間要等待多少毫秒：

1$response = Http::retry(3, 100)->post(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::retry(3, 100)->post(/* ... */);

If you would like to manually calculate the number of milliseconds to sleep between attempts, you may pass a closure as the second argument to the retry method:

1use Exception;
2 
3$response = Http::retry(3, function (int $attempt, Exception $exception) {
4    return $attempt * 100;
5})->post(/* ... */);
1use Exception;
2 
3$response = Http::retry(3, function (int $attempt, Exception $exception) {
4    return $attempt * 100;
5})->post(/* ... */);

For convenience, you may also provide an array as the first argument to the retry method. This array will be used to determine how many milliseconds to sleep between subsequent attempts:

1$response = Http::retry([100, 200])->post(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::retry([100, 200])->post(/* ... */);

若有需要，可以傳入第三個引數給 retry 方法。第三個引數應為一個 Callable，用來判斷是否要重試。舉例來說，我們可以判斷只在 Request 遇到 ConnectionException 時才重試：

1use Exception;
2use Illuminate\Http\Client\PendingRequest;
3 
4$response = Http::retry(3, 100, function (Exception $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
5    return $exception instanceof ConnectionException;
6})->post(/* ... */);
1use Exception;
2use Illuminate\Http\Client\PendingRequest;
3 
4$response = Http::retry(3, 100, function (Exception $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
5    return $exception instanceof ConnectionException;
6})->post(/* ... */);

若 Request 查詢失敗，我們可能會想在進行新嘗試前對 Request 做點修改。若要在重新嘗試前對 Request 做修改，我們只需要將提供 retry 方法的 Request 引數更改為 Callable 即可。舉例來說，在第一次嘗試回傳身份驗證錯誤時，我們可能會想以新的 Authorization Token 來重試該 Request：

 1use Exception;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Client\PendingRequest;
 3use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
 4 
 5$response = Http::withToken($this->getToken())->retry(2, 0, function (Exception $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
 6    if (! $exception instanceof RequestException || $exception->response->status() !== 401) {
 7        return false;
 8    }
 9 
10    $request->withToken($this->getNewToken());
11 
12    return true;
13})->post(/* ... */);
 1use Exception;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Client\PendingRequest;
 3use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
 4 
 5$response = Http::withToken($this->getToken())->retry(2, 0, function (Exception $exception, PendingRequest $request) {
 6    if (! $exception instanceof RequestException || $exception->response->status() !== 401) {
 7        return false;
 8    }
 9 
10    $request->withToken($this->getNewToken());
11 
12    return true;
13})->post(/* ... */);

若 Request 執行失敗，會擲回一個 Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException 實體。若想禁用這個行為，可傳入 false 給 throw 引數。當禁用擲回 Exception 時，會回傳所有重試中用戶端收到的最後一個 Response：

1$response = Http::retry(3, 100, throw: false)->post(/* ... */);
1$response = Http::retry(3, 100, throw: false)->post(/* ... */);

錯誤處理

與 Guzzle 預設的行為不同，Laravel 的 HTTP 用戶端在遇到用戶端錯誤或伺服器端錯誤時 (即，伺服器回傳 4XX 與 5XX 等級的錯誤)，不會擲回 Exception。我們可以使用 successful、clientError、serverError 等方法來判斷是否遇到這類錯誤：

 1// Determine if the status code is >= 200 and < 300...
 2$response->successful();
 3 
 4// Determine if the status code is >= 400...
 5$response->failed();
 6 
 7// Determine if the response has a 400 level status code...
 8$response->clientError();
 9 
10// Determine if the response has a 500 level status code...
11$response->serverError();
12 
13// Immediately execute the given callback if there was a client or server error...
14$response->onError(callable $callback);
 1// Determine if the status code is >= 200 and < 300...
 2$response->successful();
 3 
 4// Determine if the status code is >= 400...
 5$response->failed();
 6 
 7// Determine if the response has a 400 level status code...
 8$response->clientError();
 9 
10// Determine if the response has a 500 level status code...
11$response->serverError();
12 
13// Immediately execute the given callback if there was a client or server error...
14$response->onError(callable $callback);

擲回 Exception

假設有個 Response 實體，而我們想在該 Response 的狀態碼為伺服器端或用戶端錯誤時擲回 Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException，則可以使用 throw 或 throwIf 方法：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
 2 
 3$response = Http::post(/* ... */);
 4 
 5// Throw an exception if a client or server error occurred...
 6$response->throw();
 7 
 8// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given condition is true...
 9$response->throwIf($condition);
10 
11// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given closure resolves to true...
12$response->throwIf(fn (Response $response) => true);
13 
14// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given condition is false...
15$response->throwUnless($condition);
16 
17// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given closure resolves to false...
18$response->throwUnless(fn (Response $response) => false);
19 
20// Throw an exception if the response has a specific status code...
21$response->throwIfStatus(403);
22 
23// Throw an exception unless the response has a specific status code...
24$response->throwUnlessStatus(200);
25 
26return $response['user']['id'];
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
 2 
 3$response = Http::post(/* ... */);
 4 
 5// Throw an exception if a client or server error occurred...
 6$response->throw();
 7 
 8// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given condition is true...
 9$response->throwIf($condition);
10 
11// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given closure resolves to true...
12$response->throwIf(fn (Response $response) => true);
13 
14// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given condition is false...
15$response->throwUnless($condition);
16 
17// Throw an exception if an error occurred and the given closure resolves to false...
18$response->throwUnless(fn (Response $response) => false);
19 
20// Throw an exception if the response has a specific status code...
21$response->throwIfStatus(403);
22 
23// Throw an exception unless the response has a specific status code...
24$response->throwUnlessStatus(200);
25 
26return $response['user']['id'];

Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException 實體有個 $response 公用屬性，我們可以使用該屬性來取得回傳的 Response。

如果沒有發生錯誤，throw 方法會回傳 Response 實體，能讓我們在 throw 方法後繼續串上其他操作：

1return Http::post(/* ... */)->throw()->json();
1return Http::post(/* ... */)->throw()->json();

若想在 Exception 被擲回前加上其他額外的邏輯，可傳入一個閉包給 throw 方法。叫用閉包後，就會自動擲回 Exception，因此我們不需要在閉包內重新擲回 Exception：

1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
2use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
3 
4return Http::post(/* ... */)->throw(function (Response $response, RequestException $e) {
5    // ...
6})->json();
1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
2use Illuminate\Http\Client\RequestException;
3 
4return Http::post(/* ... */)->throw(function (Response $response, RequestException $e) {
5    // ...
6})->json();

Guzzle Middleware

由於 Laravel 的 HTTP 用戶端使用 Guzzle，因此我們也可以使用 Guzzle 的 Middleware 功能來對修改連外 Request，或是檢查連入的 Response。若要修改連外的 Request，可使用 withRequestMiddleware 方法來註冊 Guzzle Middleware：

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2use Psr\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
3 
4$response = Http::withRequestMiddleware(
5    function (RequestInterface $request) {
6        return $request->withHeader('X-Example', 'Value');
7    }
8)->get('http://example.com');
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2use Psr\Http\Message\RequestInterface;
3 
4$response = Http::withRequestMiddleware(
5    function (RequestInterface $request) {
6        return $request->withHeader('X-Example', 'Value');
7    }
8)->get('http://example.com');

類似地，我們也可以使用 withResponseMiddleware 方法來註冊 Middleware 以檢查連入的 HTTP Response：

 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
 3 
 4$response = Http::withResponseMiddleware(
 5    function (ResponseInterface $response) {
 6        $header = $response->getHeader('X-Example');
 7 
 8        // ...
 9 
10        return $response;
11    }
12)->get('http://example.com');
 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2use Psr\Http\Message\ResponseInterface;
 3 
 4$response = Http::withResponseMiddleware(
 5    function (ResponseInterface $response) {
 6        $header = $response->getHeader('X-Example');
 7 
 8        // ...
 9 
10        return $response;
11    }
12)->get('http://example.com');

全域 Middleware

有時候，我們會想註冊套用到每個連外 Request 與連入 Response 的 Middleware。這時候，我們可以使用 globalRequestMiddleware 與 globalResponseMiddleware 方法。一般來說，這些方法應在專案的 AppServiceProvider 中 boot 方法內呼叫：

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3Http::globalRequestMiddleware(fn ($request) => $request->withHeader(
4    'User-Agent', 'Example Application/1.0'
5));
6 
7Http::globalResponseMiddleware(fn ($response) => $response->withHeader(
8    'X-Finished-At', now()->toDateTimeString()
9));
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3Http::globalRequestMiddleware(fn ($request) => $request->withHeader(
4    'User-Agent', 'Example Application/1.0'
5));
6 
7Http::globalResponseMiddleware(fn ($response) => $response->withHeader(
8    'X-Finished-At', now()->toDateTimeString()
9));

Guzzle 選項

我們可以使用 withOptions 方法來指定額外的 Guzzle Request 選項。withOptions 方法接受一組索引鍵 / 值配對的陣列：

1$response = Http::withOptions([
2    'debug' => true,
3])->get('http://example.com/users');
1$response = Http::withOptions([
2    'debug' => true,
3])->get('http://example.com/users');

同時進行的 Request

有時候，我們可能會想同時進行多個 HTTP Request。換句話說，不是依序執行 Request，而是同時分派多個 Request。同時執行多個 Request 的話，在處理速度慢的 HTTP API 時就可以大幅提升效能。

所幸，我們只要使用 pool 方法就能達成。pool 方法接受一個閉包，該閉包會收到 Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool 實體，能讓我們輕鬆地將 Request 加到 Request Pool(請求集區) 以作分派：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 5    $pool->get('http://localhost/first'),
 6    $pool->get('http://localhost/second'),
 7    $pool->get('http://localhost/third'),
 8]);
 9 
10return $responses[0]->ok() &&
11       $responses[1]->ok() &&
12       $responses[2]->ok();
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 5    $pool->get('http://localhost/first'),
 6    $pool->get('http://localhost/second'),
 7    $pool->get('http://localhost/third'),
 8]);
 9 
10return $responses[0]->ok() &&
11       $responses[1]->ok() &&
12       $responses[2]->ok();

就像這樣，我們可以依據加入 Pool 的順序來存取每個 Response 實體。若有需要的話，也可以使用 as 方法來為 Request 命名，好讓我們能使用名稱來存取對應的 Response：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 5    $pool->as('first')->get('http://localhost/first'),
 6    $pool->as('second')->get('http://localhost/second'),
 7    $pool->as('third')->get('http://localhost/third'),
 8]);
 9 
10return $responses['first']->ok();
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 5    $pool->as('first')->get('http://localhost/first'),
 6    $pool->as('second')->get('http://localhost/second'),
 7    $pool->as('third')->get('http://localhost/third'),
 8]);
 9 
10return $responses['first']->ok();

自定同時進行的 Request

pool 方法不能與其他如 withHeaders 或 middleware 等 HTTP Client 方法一起串連使用。若想講自定 Header 或 Middleware 套用到放在 Pool 中的 Request，則必須將這些選項設定到 Pool 中的各個 Request：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$headers = [
 5    'X-Example' => 'example',
 6];
 7 
 8$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 9    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
10    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
11    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
12]);
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Pool;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4$headers = [
 5    'X-Example' => 'example',
 6];
 7 
 8$responses = Http::pool(fn (Pool $pool) => [
 9    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
10    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
11    $pool->withHeaders($headers)->get('http://laravel.test/test'),
12]);

Macro

Laravel HTTP 用戶端支援定義「Macro(巨集)」。通過 Macro，我們就能通過一些流暢且語義化的機制來在專案中為一些服務設定常用的 Request 路徑與標頭。若要開始使用 Macro，我們可以在專案的 App\Providers\AppServiceProvider 內 boot 方法中定義 Macro：

 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2 
 3/**
 4 * Bootstrap any application services.
 5 */
 6public function boot(): void
 7{
 8    Http::macro('github', function () {
 9        return Http::withHeaders([
10            'X-Example' => 'example',
11        ])->baseUrl('https://github.com');
12    });
13}
 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2 
 3/**
 4 * Bootstrap any application services.
 5 */
 6public function boot(): void
 7{
 8    Http::macro('github', function () {
 9        return Http::withHeaders([
10            'X-Example' => 'example',
11        ])->baseUrl('https://github.com');
12    });
13}

設定好 Macro 後，就可以在任何地方叫用這個 Macro，以使用指定的設定來建立 Request：

1$response = Http::github()->get('/');
1$response = Http::github()->get('/');

測試

許多 Laravel 的服務都提供了能讓我們輕鬆撰寫測試的功能，而 Laravel 的 HTTP 用戶端也不例外。Http Facade 的 fake 方法能讓我們指定 HTTP 用戶端在建立 Request 後回傳一組虛擬的 Response。

模擬(Fake) Response

舉例來說，若要讓 HTTP 用戶端為每個 Request 回傳 200 狀態碼的空 Response，可呼叫 fake 方法，然後不傳入任何引數：

1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3Http::fake();
4 
5$response = Http::post(/* ... */);
1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
2 
3Http::fake();
4 
5$response = Http::post(/* ... */);

模擬執行 URL

或者，我們也可以傳入一組陣列給 fake 方法。該陣列的索引鍵代表要模擬的 URL，對應的值則為 Response。可使用 * 字元來當作萬用字元。當 Request 的 URL 不在模擬列表內時，就會被實際執行。可以使用 Http Facade 的 response 方法來為這些Endpoint(端點)建立虛擬的 Response：

1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a JSON response for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::response(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, $headers),
4 
5    // Stub a string response for Google endpoints...
6    'google.com/*' => Http::response('Hello World', 200, $headers),
7]);
1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a JSON response for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::response(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, $headers),
4 
5    // Stub a string response for Google endpoints...
6    'google.com/*' => Http::response('Hello World', 200, $headers),
7]);

若想為所有不符合的 URL 建立一個遞補用 URL 規則，只要使用單一 * 字元即可：

1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a JSON response for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::response(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, ['Headers']),
4 
5    // Stub a string response for all other endpoints...
6    '*' => Http::response('Hello World', 200, ['Headers']),
7]);
1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a JSON response for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::response(['foo' => 'bar'], 200, ['Headers']),
4 
5    // Stub a string response for all other endpoints...
6    '*' => Http::response('Hello World', 200, ['Headers']),
7]);

模擬 Response 序列

有時候我們需要讓單一 URL 以固定的順序回傳一系列模擬的 Response。我們可以使用 Http::sequence 方法來建立 Request：

1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a series of responses for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::sequence()
4                            ->push('Hello World', 200)
5                            ->push(['foo' => 'bar'], 200)
6                            ->pushStatus(404),
7]);
1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a series of responses for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::sequence()
4                            ->push('Hello World', 200)
5                            ->push(['foo' => 'bar'], 200)
6                            ->pushStatus(404),
7]);

用完 Response 序列內的所有 Response 後，若之後又建立新的 Request，就會導致 Response 序列擲回 Exception。若想指定當序列為空時要回傳的預設 Response，可使用 whenEmpty 方法：

1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a series of responses for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::sequence()
4                            ->push('Hello World', 200)
5                            ->push(['foo' => 'bar'], 200)
6                            ->whenEmpty(Http::response()),
7]);
1Http::fake([
2    // Stub a series of responses for GitHub endpoints...
3    'github.com/*' => Http::sequence()
4                            ->push('Hello World', 200)
5                            ->push(['foo' => 'bar'], 200)
6                            ->whenEmpty(Http::response()),
7]);

若想模擬一系列的 Response，但又不想指定要模擬的特定 URL 格式，可使用 Http::fakeSequence 方法：

1Http::fakeSequence()
2        ->push('Hello World', 200)
3        ->whenEmpty(Http::response());
1Http::fakeSequence()
2        ->push('Hello World', 200)
3        ->whenEmpty(Http::response());

模擬回呼

If you require more complicated logic to determine what responses to return for certain endpoints, you may pass a closure to the fake method. This closure will receive an instance of Illuminate\Http\Client\Request as well as an array of options. The closure should return a response instance. Within your closure, you may perform whatever logic is necessary to determine what type of response to return:

1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
2 
3Http::fake(function (Request $request, array $options) {
4    return Http::response('Hello World', 200);
5});
1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
2 
3Http::fake(function (Request $request, array $options) {
4    return Http::response('Hello World', 200);
5});

避免漏掉的 Request

若要確保在個別測試或整個測試套件中，所有使用 HTTP 用戶端的 Request 都有被 Fake 到，則可以使用 preventStrayRequests 方法。呼叫該方法後，若有任何找不到對應 Fake Response 的 Request，就不會產生實際的 HTTP Request，而會擲回 Exception：

 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2 
 3Http::preventStrayRequests();
 4 
 5Http::fake([
 6    'github.com/*' => Http::response('ok'),
 7]);
 8 
 9// An "ok" response is returned...
10Http::get('https://github.com/laravel/framework');
11 
12// An exception is thrown...
13Http::get('https://laravel.com');
 1use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 2 
 3Http::preventStrayRequests();
 4 
 5Http::fake([
 6    'github.com/*' => Http::response('ok'),
 7]);
 8 
 9// An "ok" response is returned...
10Http::get('https://github.com/laravel/framework');
11 
12// An exception is thrown...
13Http::get('https://laravel.com');

檢查 Request

在模擬 Response 時，有時候我們會需要檢查用戶端收到的 Request，以確保程式有傳送正確的資料。可以在呼叫 Http::fake 之前先呼叫 Http::assertSent 方法來檢查。

assertSent 方法接受一組閉包，該閉包會收到 Illuminate\Http\Client\Request 的實體，而該閉包應回傳用來表示 Request 是否符合預期的布林值。若要讓測試通過，提供的 Request 中就必須至少有一個是符合給定預期條件的：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4Http::fake();
 5 
 6Http::withHeaders([
 7    'X-First' => 'foo',
 8])->post('http://example.com/users', [
 9    'name' => 'Taylor',
10    'role' => 'Developer',
11]);
12 
13Http::assertSent(function (Request $request) {
14    return $request->hasHeader('X-First', 'foo') &&
15           $request->url() == 'http://example.com/users' &&
16           $request['name'] == 'Taylor' &&
17           $request['role'] == 'Developer';
18});
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4Http::fake();
 5 
 6Http::withHeaders([
 7    'X-First' => 'foo',
 8])->post('http://example.com/users', [
 9    'name' => 'Taylor',
10    'role' => 'Developer',
11]);
12 
13Http::assertSent(function (Request $request) {
14    return $request->hasHeader('X-First', 'foo') &&
15           $request->url() == 'http://example.com/users' &&
16           $request['name'] == 'Taylor' &&
17           $request['role'] == 'Developer';
18});

若有需要，可以使用 assertNotSent 方法來判斷特定 Request 是否未被送出：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4Http::fake();
 5 
 6Http::post('http://example.com/users', [
 7    'name' => 'Taylor',
 8    'role' => 'Developer',
 9]);
10 
11Http::assertNotSent(function (Request $request) {
12    return $request->url() === 'http://example.com/posts';
13});
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
 3 
 4Http::fake();
 5 
 6Http::post('http://example.com/users', [
 7    'name' => 'Taylor',
 8    'role' => 'Developer',
 9]);
10 
11Http::assertNotSent(function (Request $request) {
12    return $request->url() === 'http://example.com/posts';
13});

可以使用 assertSentCount 方法來判斷在測試時「送出」了多少個 Request：

1Http::fake();
2 
3Http::assertSentCount(5);
1Http::fake();
2 
3Http::assertSentCount(5);

或者，也可以使用 assertNothingSent 方法來判斷在測試時是否未送出任何 Request：

1Http::fake();
2 
3Http::assertNothingSent();
1Http::fake();
2 
3Http::assertNothingSent();

記錄 Request 或 Response

可以使用 recorded 方法來取得所有的 Request 與其對應的 Response。recorded 方法會回傳一組陣列的 Collection，其內容為 Illuminate\Http\Client\Request 與 Illuminate\Http\Client\Response 的實體：

 1Http::fake([
 2    'https://laravel.com' => Http::response(status: 500),
 3    'https://nova.laravel.com/' => Http::response(),
 4]);
 5 
 6Http::get('https://laravel.com');
 7Http::get('https://nova.laravel.com/');
 8 
 9$recorded = Http::recorded();
10 
11[$request, $response] = $recorded[0];
 1Http::fake([
 2    'https://laravel.com' => Http::response(status: 500),
 3    'https://nova.laravel.com/' => Http::response(),
 4]);
 5 
 6Http::get('https://laravel.com');
 7Http::get('https://nova.laravel.com/');
 8 
 9$recorded = Http::recorded();
10 
11[$request, $response] = $recorded[0];

此外，也可傳入閉包給 recorded 方法，該閉包會收到 Illuminate\Http\Client\Request 與 Illuminate\Http\Client\Response 的實體。可以傳入閉包來依據需求過濾 Request／Response 配對：

 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
 3 
 4Http::fake([
 5    'https://laravel.com' => Http::response(status: 500),
 6    'https://nova.laravel.com/' => Http::response(),
 7]);
 8 
 9Http::get('https://laravel.com');
10Http::get('https://nova.laravel.com/');
11 
12$recorded = Http::recorded(function (Request $request, Response $response) {
13    return $request->url() !== 'https://laravel.com' &&
14           $response->successful();
15});
 1use Illuminate\Http\Client\Request;
 2use Illuminate\Http\Client\Response;
 3 
 4Http::fake([
 5    'https://laravel.com' => Http::response(status: 500),
 6    'https://nova.laravel.com/' => Http::response(),
 7]);
 8 
 9Http::get('https://laravel.com');
10Http::get('https://nova.laravel.com/');
11 
12$recorded = Http::recorded(function (Request $request, Response $response) {
13    return $request->url() !== 'https://laravel.com' &&
14           $response->successful();
15});

事件

在傳送 HTTP Request 的過程中，Laravel 會觸發三個事件。在送出 Request 前會觸發 RequestSending 事件，而給定 Request 收到 Response 後會觸發 ResponseReceived 事件。若給定的 Request 未收到 Response，會觸發 ConnectionFailed 事件。

RequestSending 與 ConnectionFailed 事件都有一個 $request 共用屬性，可以通過這個屬性來取得 Illuminate\Http\Client\Request 實體。而 ResponseReceived 事件中也有一個 $request 公開屬性，以及一個可用來取得 Illuminate\Http\Client\Response 實體的 $response 公開屬性。可以在 App\Providers\EventServiceProvider Service Provider 中為這些 Event 註冊 Listener：

 1/**
 2 * The event listener mappings for the application.
 3 *
 4 * @var array
 5 */
 6protected $listen = [
 7    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\RequestSending' => [
 8        'App\Listeners\LogRequestSending',
 9    ],
10    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\ResponseReceived' => [
11        'App\Listeners\LogResponseReceived',
12    ],
13    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\ConnectionFailed' => [
14        'App\Listeners\LogConnectionFailed',
15    ],
16];
 1/**
 2 * The event listener mappings for the application.
 3 *
 4 * @var array
 5 */
 6protected $listen = [
 7    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\RequestSending' => [
 8        'App\Listeners\LogRequestSending',
 9    ],
10    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\ResponseReceived' => [
11        'App\Listeners\LogResponseReceived',
12    ],
13    'Illuminate\Http\Client\Events\ConnectionFailed' => [
14        'App\Listeners\LogConnectionFailed',
15    ],
16];